rw-rw-r- 1 jaime jaime 31744 Feb 21 17:56 intro Linux.doc The -l option to ls displays the file type, using the first character of each input line: jaime:~/Documents> ls -l Named pipes: act more or less like sockets and form a way for processes to communicate with each other, without using network socket semantics. (Domain) sockets: a special file type, similar to TCP/IP sockets, providing inter-process networking protected by the file system's access control. Links: a system to make a file or directory visible in multiple parts of the system's file tree. Most special files are in /dev, we will discuss them later. Special files: the mechanism used for input and output. While it is reasonably safe to suppose that everything you encounter on a Linux system is a file, there are some exceptions.ĭirectories: files that are lists of other files. Most files are just files, called regular files they contain normal data, for example text files, executable files or programs, input for or output from a program and so on. For now we will use this image of the tree, but we will find out later why this is not a fully accurate image. The large branches contain more branches, and the branches at the end contain the tree's leaves or normal files. In order to manage all those files in an orderly fashion, man likes to think of them in an ordered tree-like structure on the hard disk, as we know from MS-DOS (Disk Operating System) for instance. ![]() Input and output devices, and generally all devices, are considered to be files, according to the system. Programs, services, texts, images, and so forth, are all files. A Linux system, just like UNIX, makes no difference between a file and a directory, since a directory is just a file containing names of other files. This statement is true because there are special files that are more than just files (named pipes and sockets, for instance), but to keep things simple, saying that everything is a file is an acceptable generalization. "On a UNIX system, everything is a file if something is not a file, it is a process." ![]() A simple description of the UNIX system, also applicable to Linux, is this:
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